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	<title>Comments on: Grelling&#039;s Paradox</title>
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		<title>By: admin</title>
		<link>http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox/comment-page-1#comment-5867</link>
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		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:51 +0000</pubDate>
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  I think my non-bivalence has nothing to do with fuzzy-ness. &#160; &#160;The &lt;br /&gt; sentence `this sentence is false&#039; yields a contradiction if we assume it &lt;br /&gt; is true or false (and assume some other stuff - essentially that it &lt;br /&gt; means what it says). &#160; But it is not fuzzily halfway between true and &lt;br /&gt; false. &#160; It&#039;s not like the objection we feel to the sentence: this &lt;br /&gt; turquoise is either blue or green. &#160; &#160;Follow the non-bivalent path and &lt;br /&gt; you run into some pretty weird stuff - there is a class of sentences &lt;br /&gt; that are neither true nor false - but you can&#039;t say that every sentence &lt;br /&gt; falls into one of the three classes of true, false, or neither! &#160; There &lt;br /&gt; is a fourth class of sentences that are not false, not true, and not &lt;br /&gt; neither! &#160; And you can&#039;t say that everything is in one of the four &lt;br /&gt; classes! &#160; &#160;I&#039;d say there were infinitely many, but I&#039;m not sure yet &lt;br /&gt; whether non-bivalent logic even has a concept of the finite. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;But the idea that someone would think that a non-bivalent approach was &lt;br /&gt; fuzzy makes me think. &#160; I&#039;ve just said - assume a language where the &lt;br /&gt; liar means what it says and change whatever else has to be changed to &lt;br /&gt; make that happen - and see what else happens. &#160; But I haven&#039;t thought &lt;br /&gt; about what it means. &#160;Obviously I should. &#160;But I&#039;ll have to see what &lt;br /&gt; happens first. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;But I am very interested in bivalent approaches also, and will read &lt;br /&gt; yours carefully and follow links. &#160; Some of my postings are at: &lt;br /&gt; http://sandyhodges.artshost.com/crete/scilogic.html &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Hide quoted text -- Show quoted text -&lt;/p&gt;peter_corsel...@my-deja.com wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;&gt; If the expression: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;expression which yields a true statement &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;when properly substituted for `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; is quotable, then we may derive a contradiction. This version of &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Grelling&#039;s paradox expression is analogous to Quine&#039;s: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;expression which yields a falsehood &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;when appended to its own quotation &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Appending this to its own quotation apparently yields a sentence &lt;br /&gt; &gt; which asserts its own falsehood, as does properly substituting &lt;br /&gt; &gt; the first expression for `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X&#039;. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; You may be thinking of some non-bivalent approach. Up to now I &lt;br /&gt; &gt; have largely restricted my search for a solution to the paradigm &lt;br /&gt; &gt; of bivalent logic. I will happily concede that reality is &lt;br /&gt; &gt; fundamentally fuzzy, but if this is what you have in mind, you &lt;br /&gt; &gt; will have to suggest some account of non-bivalency if the &lt;br /&gt; &gt; discussion is to proceed. (You seem to have anticipated this &lt;br /&gt; &gt; request in your manifesto, which I have just seen for the first &lt;br /&gt; &gt; time. This will take a couple of days to digest!) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Alternatively you may have in mind the fact that an expression in &lt;br /&gt; &gt; a given language, may be true of all expressions in that language &lt;br /&gt; &gt; which may be quoted and which are not true of themselves, if that &lt;br /&gt; &gt; expression may not itself be quoted in the language. Such an &lt;br /&gt; &gt; expression would be analogous to a proper class. I agree this is &lt;br /&gt; &gt; a useful concept. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Am I getting any closer? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; In article &lt;3962B702.A7ED4...@iname.com&gt;, &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &#160; Sandy Hodges &lt;sandy-hod...@iname.com&gt; wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; Well, I may not have understood the point of your original posting. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; If &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; I understand it now I&#039;m not sure I would call it a solution to the &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; paradox. &#160; I don&#039;t think there is a `solution&#039; to the paradox, but it &lt;br /&gt; &gt; is &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; at least conceivable that really close attention to the way quotation &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; works would show that a particular apparent paradox was based on a &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; mistake. &#160; If so that would certainly be a `solution.&#039; &#160; But that&#039;s &lt;br /&gt; &gt; not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; what you&#039;re saying, I think. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; If I&#039;m taking the role of the defender of the paradox, and you are &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; `solving&#039; it away, then in effect I&#039;ve made some concessions: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; My admission that &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; `X&#039; is heterological, if and only if `X&#039; is not an X. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; is a schema, is a point granted, and it may represent an avenue of &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; attack: &#160;If `heterological&#039; does need a schema to define it, it can&#039;t &lt;br /&gt; &gt; be &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; easily expressed in a formula such as: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; A heterological expression is an expression which yields a true &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; statement when substituted for `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; And the fact that it can&#039;t be shows there&#039;s something fishy about &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; `heterological.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; The fact that &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &#160; expression which yields a true statement when substituted for `X&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &gt; in ` &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; isn&#039;t the definition of heterological, is another admission. &#160; &#160;But if &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; this formula isn&#039;t the definition of heterological, I don&#039;t see what &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; good comes of beating it to death. &#160; The fact that this formula, at a &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; given quotation depth, does not quote itself at the same depth, does &lt;br /&gt; &gt; not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; matter if it is not what heterological means. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; Since I have, after seeing your posting, made concessions, I think &lt;br /&gt; &gt; that &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; you must shift your attack. &#160;I am not convinced that it is impossible. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; Heterological must mean something like &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &#160; expression which yields a true statement when properly substituted &lt;br /&gt; &gt; for &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; where proper substitution for a variable X in a text ...X... means to &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; add n primes to any quotes surrounding X, for the minimum n such that &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; quotes surrounding X have higher level than any in the inserted &lt;br /&gt; &gt; text. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; The mere fact that quotation is so complicated is something. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; peter_corsel...@my-deja.com wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &gt; Sandy Hodges wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#039;m assuming) a &lt;br /&gt; &gt; `Grelling &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; expression&#039; by a formula: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; [clip] &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; sentence when substituted for ``X&#039;&#039; in `` `X&#039; is not an X,&#039;&#039; is &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; the definition of ``Grelling expression,&#039;&#039; &#160;since it fails to &lt;br /&gt; &gt; capture &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; the varying quote levels of the formula A schema. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &gt; I did not claim to have achieved the impossible! No expression may &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; completely capture the varying quote levels of your schema, as such &lt;br /&gt; &gt; an &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; expression would then be true of all and only those expressions &lt;br /&gt; &gt; which &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; are not true of themselves. What I claim to have found is a natural &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; notation for constructing expressions, in which any attempt to &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; construct Grelling&#039;s paradoxical expression is automatically &lt;br /&gt; &gt; blocked, &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; but which still allows the representation of self-reference. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &gt; Perhaps I should clarify what I mean by a &quot;solution&quot; to Grelling&#039;s &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; paradox and the paradoxes of set theory. Russell once criticised &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Quine &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; for developing solutions which were &quot;created ad hoc and not ... such &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; as even the cleverest logician would have thought of if he had not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; known of the contradictions&quot; (My Philosophical Development, p.80). I &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; accept that the standard iterative conception of set is reasonably &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; natural in this sense. However it involves a complete ban on self- &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; reference, and I believe a full solution to the paradoxes must &lt;br /&gt; &gt; involve &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; represented consistently. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; I don&#039;t follow this paragraph. &#160; It may well be that ``a full solution &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; to the paradoxes must involve some natural theory of logic which &lt;br /&gt; &gt; allows &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; self-reference to be represented consistently.&#039;&#039; &#160; &#160;How is that &lt;br /&gt; &gt; related &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; to quotation levels? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &gt; In my previous posting I summarised my solution to Grelling&#039;s &lt;br /&gt; &gt; paradox &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; by translating expressions from the notation I have developed into &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; natural language. If I receive some positive feedback on this, I &lt;br /&gt; &gt; shall &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; then post a longer account, giving formation rules and so forth. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &gt; (Apologies if I have missed the point of your comment. Please write &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; and explain if I have!) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &gt; Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; Before you buy. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; -- &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; --- ----- ------ --- ------ - - ----- - -- &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; When my love swears that she is made of truth, &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; I do believe her, though I know she lies. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; - Sandy Hodges &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Before you buy. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;-- &lt;br /&gt; --- ----- ------ --- ------ - - ----- - -- &lt;br /&gt; When my love swears that she is made of truth, &lt;br /&gt; I do believe her, though I know she lies. &lt;br /&gt; - Sandy Hodges &lt;br /&gt;
  
  &lt;/p&gt;</description>
		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I think my non-bivalence has nothing to do with fuzzy-ness. &nbsp; &nbsp;The <br /> sentence `this sentence is false&#8217; yields a contradiction if we assume it <br /> is true or false (and assume some other stuff &#8211; essentially that it <br /> means what it says). &nbsp; But it is not fuzzily halfway between true and <br /> false. &nbsp; It&#8217;s not like the objection we feel to the sentence: this <br /> turquoise is either blue or green. &nbsp; &nbsp;Follow the non-bivalent path and <br /> you run into some pretty weird stuff &#8211; there is a class of sentences <br /> that are neither true nor false &#8211; but you can&#8217;t say that every sentence <br /> falls into one of the three classes of true, false, or neither! &nbsp; There <br /> is a fourth class of sentences that are not false, not true, and not <br /> neither! &nbsp; And you can&#8217;t say that everything is in one of the four <br /> classes! &nbsp; &nbsp;I&#8217;d say there were infinitely many, but I&#8217;m not sure yet <br /> whether non-bivalent logic even has a concept of the finite. <br /> 
<p>But the idea that someone would think that a non-bivalent approach was <br /> fuzzy makes me think. &nbsp; I&#8217;ve just said &#8211; assume a language where the <br /> liar means what it says and change whatever else has to be changed to <br /> make that happen &#8211; and see what else happens. &nbsp; But I haven&#8217;t thought <br /> about what it means. &nbsp;Obviously I should. &nbsp;But I&#8217;ll have to see what <br /> happens first.  </p>
<p>But I am very interested in bivalent approaches also, and will read <br /> yours carefully and follow links. &nbsp; Some of my postings are at: <br /> <a href="http://sandyhodges.artshost.com/crete/scilogic.html" rel="nofollow">http://sandyhodges.artshost.com/crete/scilogic.html</a>  </p>
</p>
<p>- Hide quoted text &#8212; Show quoted text -</p>
<p><a href="mailto:peter_corsel...@my-deja.com">peter_corsel&#8230;@my-deja.com</a> wrote: <br /> 
<p>&gt; If the expression:  </p>
<p>&gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;expression which yields a true statement <br /> &gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;when properly substituted for `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; is quotable, then we may derive a contradiction. This version of <br /> &gt; Grelling&#8217;s paradox expression is analogous to Quine&#8217;s:  </p>
<p>&gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;expression which yields a falsehood <br /> &gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;when appended to its own quotation  </p>
<p>&gt; Appending this to its own quotation apparently yields a sentence <br /> &gt; which asserts its own falsehood, as does properly substituting <br /> &gt; the first expression for `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X&#8217;.  </p>
<p>&gt; You may be thinking of some non-bivalent approach. Up to now I <br /> &gt; have largely restricted my search for a solution to the paradigm <br /> &gt; of bivalent logic. I will happily concede that reality is <br /> &gt; fundamentally fuzzy, but if this is what you have in mind, you <br /> &gt; will have to suggest some account of non-bivalency if the <br /> &gt; discussion is to proceed. (You seem to have anticipated this <br /> &gt; request in your manifesto, which I have just seen for the first <br /> &gt; time. This will take a couple of days to digest!)  </p>
<p>&gt; Alternatively you may have in mind the fact that an expression in <br /> &gt; a given language, may be true of all expressions in that language <br /> &gt; which may be quoted and which are not true of themselves, if that <br /> &gt; expression may not itself be quoted in the language. Such an <br /> &gt; expression would be analogous to a proper class. I agree this is <br /> &gt; a useful concept.  </p>
<p>&gt; Am I getting any closer?  </p>
<p>&gt; In article &lt;3962B702.A7ED4&#8230;@iname.com&gt;, <br /> &gt; &nbsp; Sandy Hodges &lt;sandy-hod&#8230;@iname.com&gt; wrote: <br /> &gt; &gt; Well, I may not have understood the point of your original posting. <br /> &gt; If <br /> &gt; &gt; I understand it now I&#8217;m not sure I would call it a solution to the <br /> &gt; &gt; paradox. &nbsp; I don&#8217;t think there is a `solution&#8217; to the paradox, but it <br /> &gt; is <br /> &gt; &gt; at least conceivable that really close attention to the way quotation <br /> &gt; &gt; works would show that a particular apparent paradox was based on a <br /> &gt; &gt; mistake. &nbsp; If so that would certainly be a `solution.&#8217; &nbsp; But that&#8217;s <br /> &gt; not <br /> &gt; &gt; what you&#8217;re saying, I think.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; If I&#8217;m taking the role of the defender of the paradox, and you are <br /> &gt; &gt; `solving&#8217; it away, then in effect I&#8217;ve made some concessions:  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; My admission that  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; `X&#8217; is heterological, if and only if `X&#8217; is not an X.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; is a schema, is a point granted, and it may represent an avenue of <br /> &gt; &gt; attack: &nbsp;If `heterological&#8217; does need a schema to define it, it can&#8217;t <br /> &gt; be <br /> &gt; &gt; easily expressed in a formula such as:  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; A heterological expression is an expression which yields a true <br /> &gt; &gt; statement when substituted for `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; And the fact that it can&#8217;t be shows there&#8217;s something fishy about <br /> &gt; &gt; `heterological.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; The fact that  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &nbsp; expression which yields a true statement when substituted for `X&#8217; <br /> &gt; in ` <br /> &gt; &gt; &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; isn&#8217;t the definition of heterological, is another admission. &nbsp; &nbsp;But if <br /> &gt; &gt; this formula isn&#8217;t the definition of heterological, I don&#8217;t see what <br /> &gt; &gt; good comes of beating it to death. &nbsp; The fact that this formula, at a <br /> &gt; &gt; given quotation depth, does not quote itself at the same depth, does <br /> &gt; not <br /> &gt; &gt; matter if it is not what heterological means.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; Since I have, after seeing your posting, made concessions, I think <br /> &gt; that <br /> &gt; &gt; you must shift your attack. &nbsp;I am not convinced that it is impossible.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; Heterological must mean something like  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &nbsp; expression which yields a true statement when properly substituted <br /> &gt; for <br /> &gt; &gt; `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; where proper substitution for a variable X in a text &#8230;X&#8230; means to <br /> &gt; &gt; add n primes to any quotes surrounding X, for the minimum n such that <br /> &gt; &gt; quotes surrounding X have higher level than any in the inserted <br /> &gt; text. <br /> &gt; &gt; The mere fact that quotation is so complicated is something.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; <a href="mailto:peter_corsel...@my-deja.com">peter_corsel&#8230;@my-deja.com</a> wrote:  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &gt; Sandy Hodges wrote:  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#8217;m assuming) a <br /> &gt; `Grelling <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; expression&#8217; by a formula:  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; [clip] <br /> &gt; &gt; sentence when substituted for &#8220;X&#8221; in &#8220; `X&#8217; is not an X,&#8221; is <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; not <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; the definition of &#8220;Grelling expression,&#8221; &nbsp;since it fails to <br /> &gt; capture <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; the varying quote levels of the formula A schema.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &gt; I did not claim to have achieved the impossible! No expression may <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; completely capture the varying quote levels of your schema, as such <br /> &gt; an <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; expression would then be true of all and only those expressions <br /> &gt; which <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; are not true of themselves. What I claim to have found is a natural <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; notation for constructing expressions, in which any attempt to <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; construct Grelling&#8217;s paradoxical expression is automatically <br /> &gt; blocked, <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; but which still allows the representation of self-reference.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &gt; Perhaps I should clarify what I mean by a &quot;solution&quot; to Grelling&#8217;s <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; paradox and the paradoxes of set theory. Russell once criticised <br /> &gt; Quine <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; for developing solutions which were &quot;created ad hoc and not &#8230; such <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; as even the cleverest logician would have thought of if he had not <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; known of the contradictions&quot; (My Philosophical Development, p.80). I <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; accept that the standard iterative conception of set is reasonably <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; natural in this sense. However it involves a complete ban on self- <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; reference, and I believe a full solution to the paradoxes must <br /> &gt; involve <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; represented consistently.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; I don&#8217;t follow this paragraph. &nbsp; It may well be that &#8220;a full solution <br /> &gt; &gt; to the paradoxes must involve some natural theory of logic which <br /> &gt; allows <br /> &gt; &gt; self-reference to be represented consistently.&#8221; &nbsp; &nbsp;How is that <br /> &gt; related <br /> &gt; &gt; to quotation levels?  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &gt; In my previous posting I summarised my solution to Grelling&#8217;s <br /> &gt; paradox <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; by translating expressions from the notation I have developed into <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; natural language. If I receive some positive feedback on this, I <br /> &gt; shall <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; then post a longer account, giving formation rules and so forth.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &gt; (Apologies if I have missed the point of your comment. Please write <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; and explain if I have!)  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &gt; Sent via Deja.com <a href="http://www.deja.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.deja.com/</a> <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; Before you buy.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &#8212; <br /> &gt; &gt; &#8212; &#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212; &#8212; &#8212;&#8212; &#8211; - &#8212;&#8211; &#8211; &#8212; <br /> &gt; &gt; When my love swears that she is made of truth, <br /> &gt; &gt; I do believe her, though I know she lies. <br /> &gt; &gt; &#8211; Sandy Hodges  </p>
<p>&gt; Sent via Deja.com <a href="http://www.deja.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.deja.com/</a> <br /> &gt; Before you buy. </p>
<p>&#8211; <br /> &#8212; &#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212; &#8212; &#8212;&#8212; &#8211; - &#8212;&#8211; &#8211; &#8212; <br /> When my love swears that she is made of truth, <br /> I do believe her, though I know she lies. <br /> &#8211; Sandy Hodges </p>
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		<title>By: admin</title>
		<link>http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox/comment-page-1#comment-5868</link>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:51 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox#comment-5868</guid>
		<description>
  I&#039;ve thought about what non-bivalency might mean. &#160; If we call the &lt;br /&gt; sentences grenerally recognized as such by logicians GRAS sentences, &lt;br /&gt; then I am proposing to add on some other things we can call &lt;br /&gt; doohickeys. &#160; &#160;I&#039;m proposing no change to any rule of logic as it &lt;br /&gt; applies to GRAS sentences. &#160; &#160;I think the doohickeys are sentences and &lt;br /&gt; therefore do not say ``all sentences are true or false.&#039;&#039; &#160;You may think &lt;br /&gt; they are not sentences and therefore can say it. &#160; But the question of &lt;br /&gt; whether we call the doohickeys sentences or not is really just a matter &lt;br /&gt; of terminology. &#160; What matters is what we do with them - &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;You say all GRAS sentences are bivalent - so do I. &lt;br /&gt; You do not say doohickeys are bivalent - neither to I. &lt;br /&gt; For each doohickey A, I say that `A implies A&#039; is true and logic should &lt;br /&gt; let you prove it. - You say `A implies A&#039; is gibberish. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;So how am I less bivalent than you are? &#160; We apply bivalence to the same &lt;br /&gt; things. &#160;I&#039;m just more `A implies A&#039;-ish than you are. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Still don&#039;t know what it means. though. - S &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Hide quoted text -- Show quoted text -&lt;/p&gt;peter_corsel...@my-deja.com wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;&gt; If the expression: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;expression which yields a true statement &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;when properly substituted for `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; is quotable, then we may derive a contradiction. This version of &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Grelling&#039;s paradox expression is analogous to Quine&#039;s: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;expression which yields a falsehood &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;when appended to its own quotation &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Appending this to its own quotation apparently yields a sentence &lt;br /&gt; &gt; which asserts its own falsehood, as does properly substituting &lt;br /&gt; &gt; the first expression for `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X&#039;. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; You may be thinking of some non-bivalent approach. Up to now I &lt;br /&gt; &gt; have largely restricted my search for a solution to the paradigm &lt;br /&gt; &gt; of bivalent logic. I will happily concede that reality is &lt;br /&gt; &gt; fundamentally fuzzy, but if this is what you have in mind, you &lt;br /&gt; &gt; will have to suggest some account of non-bivalency if the &lt;br /&gt; &gt; discussion is to proceed. (You seem to have anticipated this &lt;br /&gt; &gt; request in your manifesto, which I have just seen for the first &lt;br /&gt; &gt;[clip] &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;-- &lt;br /&gt; --- ----- ------ --- ------ - - ----- - -- &lt;br /&gt; When my love swears that she is made of truth, &lt;br /&gt; I do believe her, though I know she lies. &lt;br /&gt; - Sandy Hodges &lt;br /&gt;
  
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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I&#8217;ve thought about what non-bivalency might mean. &nbsp; If we call the <br /> sentences grenerally recognized as such by logicians GRAS sentences, <br /> then I am proposing to add on some other things we can call <br /> doohickeys. &nbsp; &nbsp;I&#8217;m proposing no change to any rule of logic as it <br /> applies to GRAS sentences. &nbsp; &nbsp;I think the doohickeys are sentences and <br /> therefore do not say &#8220;all sentences are true or false.&#8221; &nbsp;You may think <br /> they are not sentences and therefore can say it. &nbsp; But the question of <br /> whether we call the doohickeys sentences or not is really just a matter <br /> of terminology. &nbsp; What matters is what we do with them &#8211; <br /> 
<p>You say all GRAS sentences are bivalent &#8211; so do I. <br /> You do not say doohickeys are bivalent &#8211; neither to I. <br /> For each doohickey A, I say that `A implies A&#8217; is true and logic should <br /> let you prove it. &#8211; You say `A implies A&#8217; is gibberish.  </p>
<p>So how am I less bivalent than you are? &nbsp; We apply bivalence to the same <br /> things. &nbsp;I&#8217;m just more `A implies A&#8217;-ish than you are.  </p>
<p>Still don&#8217;t know what it means. though. &#8211; S  </p>
</p>
<p>- Hide quoted text &#8212; Show quoted text -</p>
<p><a href="mailto:peter_corsel...@my-deja.com">peter_corsel&#8230;@my-deja.com</a> wrote: <br /> 
<p>&gt; If the expression:  </p>
<p>&gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;expression which yields a true statement <br /> &gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;when properly substituted for `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; is quotable, then we may derive a contradiction. This version of <br /> &gt; Grelling&#8217;s paradox expression is analogous to Quine&#8217;s:  </p>
<p>&gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;expression which yields a falsehood <br /> &gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;when appended to its own quotation  </p>
<p>&gt; Appending this to its own quotation apparently yields a sentence <br /> &gt; which asserts its own falsehood, as does properly substituting <br /> &gt; the first expression for `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X&#8217;.  </p>
<p>&gt; You may be thinking of some non-bivalent approach. Up to now I <br /> &gt; have largely restricted my search for a solution to the paradigm <br /> &gt; of bivalent logic. I will happily concede that reality is <br /> &gt; fundamentally fuzzy, but if this is what you have in mind, you <br /> &gt; will have to suggest some account of non-bivalency if the <br /> &gt; discussion is to proceed. (You seem to have anticipated this <br /> &gt; request in your manifesto, which I have just seen for the first <br /> &gt;[clip] </p>
<p>&#8211; <br /> &#8212; &#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212; &#8212; &#8212;&#8212; &#8211; - &#8212;&#8211; &#8211; &#8212; <br /> When my love swears that she is made of truth, <br /> I do believe her, though I know she lies. <br /> &#8211; Sandy Hodges </p>
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		<title>By: admin</title>
		<link>http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox/comment-page-1#comment-5865</link>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox#comment-5865</guid>
		<description>
  &lt;p&gt;Sandy Hodges wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &gt;It may well be that ``a full solution to the paradoxes must involve &lt;br /&gt; &gt;some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be &lt;br /&gt; &gt;represented consistently.&#039;&#039; &#160; &#160;How is that related to quotation &lt;br /&gt; &gt;levels? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;First I must explain why I believe a solution to Grelling&#039;s paradox &lt;br /&gt; must involve a hierarchy of languages. As Quine wrote (From a Logical &lt;br /&gt; Point of View, pp.134-6): &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#160; Strictly, the notions of the theory of reference, and likewise &lt;br /&gt; &#160; those of the theory of meaning ... are relative always to a &lt;br /&gt; &#160; language; the language figures, albeit tacitly, as a parameter. &lt;br /&gt; &#160; ... &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;One reason that I am interested in the paradox, is that I believe it &lt;br /&gt; illustrates in a beautiful way the fact that any system for &lt;br /&gt; communication is limited (also, I dig all that Eastern philosophy &lt;br /&gt; stuff, but I try not to impose it on others!). &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This I why commented that (in the context of bivalent logic at &lt;br /&gt; least) it is impossible to view the word `heterological&#039; as &lt;br /&gt; corresponding to a single expression. For a given language L, the &lt;br /&gt; term `heterological in L&#039; may only be defined in a separate &lt;br /&gt; language. Language is necessarily dynamic. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The problem I am seeking to address is the fact that, as far as I &lt;br /&gt; am aware, the only intuitive hierarchies of formal languages which &lt;br /&gt; have been developed, involve the restriction that terms in one &lt;br /&gt; language may only be true of terms in some previous language, and so &lt;br /&gt; involve a complete rejection of self-reference. I shall refer to &lt;br /&gt; this as the `standard approach&#039;. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The relevance of quotation levels to a full solution to the paradox &lt;br /&gt; is that, when one makes the use of quotation marks in the process of &lt;br /&gt; definition explicit, a hierarchy of languages magically appears in &lt;br /&gt; which terms in a given language may be true of terms from that &lt;br /&gt; language, and any previous language. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, as the idea of a hierarchy of quotation marks is implicit &lt;br /&gt; in the use of single and double quotes in standard written English, I &lt;br /&gt; suggest that a logical theory based on it may claim to be more &lt;br /&gt; natural than the standard approach. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In a given language the derivation of the contradictions is avoided &lt;br /&gt; in a manner analogous to that involved in the solution to the &lt;br /&gt; paradoxes of set theory presented by Quine in his New Foundations for &lt;br /&gt; Mathematical Logic. Quine avoided Russell&#039;s contradiction by &lt;br /&gt; introducing an ad hoc restriction on which open sentences may be &lt;br /&gt; abstracted from to form a set. In the languages in my hierarchy a &lt;br /&gt; restriction automatically emerges on which open sentences may be &lt;br /&gt; abstracted from to form a term. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In order to explain the precise nature of this restriction it is &lt;br /&gt; useful to present the simple formal language I mentioned earlier. &lt;br /&gt; However I can summarise this point in terms of the distinction &lt;br /&gt; between first-order and second-order logic if you would prefer. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Interested? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ &lt;br /&gt; Before you buy. &lt;br /&gt;
  
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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Sandy Hodges wrote: <br /> &gt;It may well be that &#8220;a full solution to the paradoxes must involve <br /> &gt;some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be <br /> &gt;represented consistently.&#8221; &nbsp; &nbsp;How is that related to quotation <br /> &gt;levels? </p>
<p>First I must explain why I believe a solution to Grelling&#8217;s paradox <br /> must involve a hierarchy of languages. As Quine wrote (From a Logical <br /> Point of View, pp.134-6):  </p>
<p>&nbsp; Strictly, the notions of the theory of reference, and likewise <br /> &nbsp; those of the theory of meaning &#8230; are relative always to a <br /> &nbsp; language; the language figures, albeit tacitly, as a parameter. <br /> &nbsp; &#8230;  </p>
<p>One reason that I am interested in the paradox, is that I believe it <br /> illustrates in a beautiful way the fact that any system for <br /> communication is limited (also, I dig all that Eastern philosophy <br /> stuff, but I try not to impose it on others!).  </p>
<p>This I why commented that (in the context of bivalent logic at <br /> least) it is impossible to view the word `heterological&#8217; as <br /> corresponding to a single expression. For a given language L, the <br /> term `heterological in L&#8217; may only be defined in a separate <br /> language. Language is necessarily dynamic.  </p>
<p>The problem I am seeking to address is the fact that, as far as I <br /> am aware, the only intuitive hierarchies of formal languages which <br /> have been developed, involve the restriction that terms in one <br /> language may only be true of terms in some previous language, and so <br /> involve a complete rejection of self-reference. I shall refer to <br /> this as the `standard approach&#8217;.  </p>
<p>The relevance of quotation levels to a full solution to the paradox <br /> is that, when one makes the use of quotation marks in the process of <br /> definition explicit, a hierarchy of languages magically appears in <br /> which terms in a given language may be true of terms from that <br /> language, and any previous language.  </p>
<p>Moreover, as the idea of a hierarchy of quotation marks is implicit <br /> in the use of single and double quotes in standard written English, I <br /> suggest that a logical theory based on it may claim to be more <br /> natural than the standard approach.  </p>
<p>In a given language the derivation of the contradictions is avoided <br /> in a manner analogous to that involved in the solution to the <br /> paradoxes of set theory presented by Quine in his New Foundations for <br /> Mathematical Logic. Quine avoided Russell&#8217;s contradiction by <br /> introducing an ad hoc restriction on which open sentences may be <br /> abstracted from to form a set. In the languages in my hierarchy a <br /> restriction automatically emerges on which open sentences may be <br /> abstracted from to form a term.  </p>
<p>In order to explain the precise nature of this restriction it is <br /> useful to present the simple formal language I mentioned earlier. <br /> However I can summarise this point in terms of the distinction <br /> between first-order and second-order logic if you would prefer.  </p>
<p>Interested?  </p>
<p>Sent via Deja.com <a href="http://www.deja.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.deja.com/</a> <br /> Before you buy. </p>
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		<title>By: admin</title>
		<link>http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox/comment-page-1#comment-5866</link>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:50 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox#comment-5866</guid>
		<description>
  Blimey, so someone actually found my website! &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;I must admit I am not particularly satisfied with it, which is &lt;br /&gt; why I have made no attempt to publicise its existence. It is not &lt;br /&gt; very readable, as I go straight into Russell&#039;s paradox, rather &lt;br /&gt; than starting with Grelling&#039;s paradox as I am doing in this thread. &lt;br /&gt; My intension was to get some feedback from this newsgroup, and then &lt;br /&gt; develop a better account. However if you (or anyone else) has taken &lt;br /&gt; the trouble to read some of it, I&#039;d be very interested to know what &lt;br /&gt; you think! &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Best wishes, Peter &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In article &lt;03d4a4ec.9292e...@usw-ex0104-026.remarq.com&gt;, &lt;br /&gt; &#160; Stephen &lt;cyberdictionNOcyS...@hotmail.com.invalid&gt; wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Hide quoted text -- Show quoted text -&lt;/p&gt;&gt; I just happened to come across Grelling&#039;s Paradox and had heard &lt;br /&gt; &gt; about it, but had very little understanding of the paradox. So &lt;br /&gt; &gt; this post for others not too familar with Grelling&#039;s Paradox. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Also I am not sure &quot;heterological&quot; is in a standard dictionary. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;&gt; http://www.ti62.dial.pipex.com/#section1 (Peter Corsellis) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; 1.1 - Removing Grelling’s contradiction (begin quote) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; The derivation of Grelling’s contradiction may be stated in &lt;br /&gt; &gt; English as follows: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; The word `word´ is a word, but the word `human´ is not a human. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Thus the former is true of itself, while the latter is not. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Say the word `heterological´ is true of all words which are not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; true of themselves. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Is `heterological´ heterological? From each answer the opposite &lt;br /&gt; &gt; follows. In this discussion I present no analysis of what is &lt;br /&gt; &gt; involved in a term being true of things (I present my analysis &lt;br /&gt; &gt; of this in §5). A term is thus defined as either an expression &lt;br /&gt; &gt; which is defined as true of some things, or an expression which &lt;br /&gt; &gt; refers to just one thing, i.e. a term is a predicate or a &lt;br /&gt; &gt; singular term. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Another way of representing the derivation of Grelling’s &lt;br /&gt; &gt; contradiction, is to use a singular variable and the phrase &lt;br /&gt; &gt; `is true of´. The contradiction may then be derived from the &lt;br /&gt; &gt; following schema: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; If x is a term, `heterological´ is true of x if, and only if, &lt;br /&gt; &gt; x is not true of x &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; by considering the case in which x is the term `heterological´. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; However the approach I propose rests on the fact that in &lt;br /&gt; &gt; sentences &lt;br /&gt; &gt; such as: &lt;br /&gt; &gt; ______`polysyllabic´ is polysyllabic &lt;br /&gt; &gt; the same term appears both inside and outside quotation marks, &lt;br /&gt; &gt; i.e. it is both used and mentioned.(end of quote) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Regards, &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Stephen &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; ----------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Got questions? &#160;Get answers over the phone at Keen.com. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Up to 100 minutes free! &lt;br /&gt; &gt; http://www.keen.com &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;(My analysis of what is involved in a term being true of things, &lt;br /&gt; is that `is true of&#039; means the same as `refers to&#039;. Thus a &lt;br /&gt; predicate true of just one thing is a name of that thing, and a &lt;br /&gt; predicate true of nothing is simply an expression defined as not &lt;br /&gt; referring to anything. On my website I relate this idea to &lt;br /&gt; mereology (lit. `the theory of parts&#039;), which I characterise as &lt;br /&gt; the study of how we may talk about many things (or no things) as &lt;br /&gt; though they were a single thing, without assuming the existence &lt;br /&gt; of some separate entity such as a set. I then extend my approach &lt;br /&gt; to Grelling&#039;s paradox to apply to Russell&#039;s paradox, by analysing &lt;br /&gt; a set of things as the symbol formed by fusing all symbols which &lt;br /&gt; refer to just those things.) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ &lt;br /&gt; Before you buy. &lt;br /&gt;
  
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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Blimey, so someone actually found my website! <br /> 
<p>I must admit I am not particularly satisfied with it, which is <br /> why I have made no attempt to publicise its existence. It is not <br /> very readable, as I go straight into Russell&#8217;s paradox, rather <br /> than starting with Grelling&#8217;s paradox as I am doing in this thread. <br /> My intension was to get some feedback from this newsgroup, and then <br /> develop a better account. However if you (or anyone else) has taken <br /> the trouble to read some of it, I&#8217;d be very interested to know what <br /> you think!  </p>
<p>Best wishes, Peter  </p>
<p>In article &lt;03d4a4ec.9292e&#8230;@usw-ex0104-026.remarq.com&gt;, <br /> &nbsp; Stephen &lt;cyberdictionNOcyS&#8230;@hotmail.com.invalid&gt; wrote:  </p>
</p>
<p>- Hide quoted text &#8212; Show quoted text -</p>
<p>&gt; I just happened to come across Grelling&#8217;s Paradox and had heard <br /> &gt; about it, but had very little understanding of the paradox. So <br /> &gt; this post for others not too familar with Grelling&#8217;s Paradox. <br /> &gt; Also I am not sure &quot;heterological&quot; is in a standard dictionary. <br /> 
<p>&gt; <a href="http://www.ti62.dial.pipex.com/#section1" rel="nofollow">http://www.ti62.dial.pipex.com/#section1</a> (Peter Corsellis)  </p>
<p>&gt; 1.1 &#8211; Removing Grelling’s contradiction (begin quote)  </p>
<p>&gt; The derivation of Grelling’s contradiction may be stated in <br /> &gt; English as follows:  </p>
<p>&gt; The word `word´ is a word, but the word `human´ is not a human. <br /> &gt; Thus the former is true of itself, while the latter is not. <br /> &gt; Say the word `heterological´ is true of all words which are not <br /> &gt; true of themselves.  </p>
<p>&gt; Is `heterological´ heterological? From each answer the opposite <br /> &gt; follows. In this discussion I present no analysis of what is <br /> &gt; involved in a term being true of things (I present my analysis <br /> &gt; of this in §5). A term is thus defined as either an expression <br /> &gt; which is defined as true of some things, or an expression which <br /> &gt; refers to just one thing, i.e. a term is a predicate or a <br /> &gt; singular term.  </p>
<p>&gt; Another way of representing the derivation of Grelling’s <br /> &gt; contradiction, is to use a singular variable and the phrase <br /> &gt; `is true of´. The contradiction may then be derived from the <br /> &gt; following schema:  </p>
<p>&gt; If x is a term, `heterological´ is true of x if, and only if, <br /> &gt; x is not true of x  </p>
<p>&gt; by considering the case in which x is the term `heterological´. <br /> &gt; However the approach I propose rests on the fact that in <br /> &gt; sentences <br /> &gt; such as: <br /> &gt; ______`polysyllabic´ is polysyllabic <br /> &gt; the same term appears both inside and outside quotation marks, <br /> &gt; i.e. it is both used and mentioned.(end of quote)  </p>
<p>&gt; Regards, <br /> &gt; Stephen  </p>
<p>&gt; &#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8212;&#8211;  </p>
<p>&gt; Got questions? &nbsp;Get answers over the phone at Keen.com. <br /> &gt; Up to 100 minutes free! <br /> &gt; <a href="http://www.keen.com" rel="nofollow">http://www.keen.com</a> </p>
<p>(My analysis of what is involved in a term being true of things, <br /> is that `is true of&#8217; means the same as `refers to&#8217;. Thus a <br /> predicate true of just one thing is a name of that thing, and a <br /> predicate true of nothing is simply an expression defined as not <br /> referring to anything. On my website I relate this idea to <br /> mereology (lit. `the theory of parts&#8217;), which I characterise as <br /> the study of how we may talk about many things (or no things) as <br /> though they were a single thing, without assuming the existence <br /> of some separate entity such as a set. I then extend my approach <br /> to Grelling&#8217;s paradox to apply to Russell&#8217;s paradox, by analysing <br /> a set of things as the symbol formed by fusing all symbols which <br /> refer to just those things.)  </p>
<p>Sent via Deja.com <a href="http://www.deja.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.deja.com/</a> <br /> Before you buy. </p>
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		<title>By: admin</title>
		<link>http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox/comment-page-1#comment-5864</link>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox#comment-5864</guid>
		<description>
  If the expression: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;&#160; &#160; &#160;expression which yields a true statement &lt;br /&gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;when properly substituted for `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;is quotable, then we may derive a contradiction. This version of &lt;br /&gt; Grelling&#039;s paradox expression is analogous to Quine&#039;s: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#160; &#160; &#160;expression which yields a falsehood &lt;br /&gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;when appended to its own quotation &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Appending this to its own quotation apparently yields a sentence &lt;br /&gt; which asserts its own falsehood, as does properly substituting &lt;br /&gt; the first expression for `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X&#039;. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may be thinking of some non-bivalent approach. Up to now I &lt;br /&gt; have largely restricted my search for a solution to the paradigm &lt;br /&gt; of bivalent logic. I will happily concede that reality is &lt;br /&gt; fundamentally fuzzy, but if this is what you have in mind, you &lt;br /&gt; will have to suggest some account of non-bivalency if the &lt;br /&gt; discussion is to proceed. (You seem to have anticipated this &lt;br /&gt; request in your manifesto, which I have just seen for the first &lt;br /&gt; time. This will take a couple of days to digest!) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Alternatively you may have in mind the fact that an expression in &lt;br /&gt; a given language, may be true of all expressions in that language &lt;br /&gt; which may be quoted and which are not true of themselves, if that &lt;br /&gt; expression may not itself be quoted in the language. Such an &lt;br /&gt; expression would be analogous to a proper class. I agree this is &lt;br /&gt; a useful concept. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Am I getting any closer? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In article &lt;3962B702.A7ED4...@iname.com&gt;, &lt;br /&gt; &#160; Sandy Hodges &lt;sandy-hod...@iname.com&gt; wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Hide quoted text -- Show quoted text -&lt;/p&gt;&gt; Well, I may not have understood the point of your original posting. &lt;br /&gt; If &lt;br /&gt; &gt; I understand it now I&#039;m not sure I would call it a solution to the &lt;br /&gt; &gt; paradox. &#160; I don&#039;t think there is a `solution&#039; to the paradox, but it &lt;br /&gt; is &lt;br /&gt; &gt; at least conceivable that really close attention to the way quotation &lt;br /&gt; &gt; works would show that a particular apparent paradox was based on a &lt;br /&gt; &gt; mistake. &#160; If so that would certainly be a `solution.&#039; &#160; But that&#039;s &lt;br /&gt; not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; what you&#039;re saying, I think. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;&gt; If I&#039;m taking the role of the defender of the paradox, and you are &lt;br /&gt; &gt; `solving&#039; it away, then in effect I&#039;ve made some concessions: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; My admission that &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; `X&#039; is heterological, if and only if `X&#039; is not an X. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; is a schema, is a point granted, and it may represent an avenue of &lt;br /&gt; &gt; attack: &#160;If `heterological&#039; does need a schema to define it, it can&#039;t &lt;br /&gt; be &lt;br /&gt; &gt; easily expressed in a formula such as: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; A heterological expression is an expression which yields a true &lt;br /&gt; &gt; statement when substituted for `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; And the fact that it can&#039;t be shows there&#039;s something fishy about &lt;br /&gt; &gt; `heterological.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; The fact that &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &#160; expression which yields a true statement when substituted for `X&#039; &lt;br /&gt; in ` &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; isn&#039;t the definition of heterological, is another admission. &#160; &#160;But if &lt;br /&gt; &gt; this formula isn&#039;t the definition of heterological, I don&#039;t see what &lt;br /&gt; &gt; good comes of beating it to death. &#160; The fact that this formula, at a &lt;br /&gt; &gt; given quotation depth, does not quote itself at the same depth, does &lt;br /&gt; not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; matter if it is not what heterological means. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Since I have, after seeing your posting, made concessions, I think &lt;br /&gt; that &lt;br /&gt; &gt; you must shift your attack. &#160;I am not convinced that it is impossible. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Heterological must mean something like &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &#160; expression which yields a true statement when properly substituted &lt;br /&gt; for &lt;br /&gt; &gt; `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; where proper substitution for a variable X in a text ...X... means to &lt;br /&gt; &gt; add n primes to any quotes surrounding X, for the minimum n such that &lt;br /&gt; &gt; quotes surrounding X have higher level than any in the inserted &lt;br /&gt; text. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; The mere fact that quotation is so complicated is something. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; peter_corsel...@my-deja.com wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; Sandy Hodges wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; &gt; The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#039;m assuming) a &lt;br /&gt; `Grelling &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; expression&#039; by a formula: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; [clip] &lt;br /&gt; &gt; sentence when substituted for ``X&#039;&#039; in `` `X&#039; is not an X,&#039;&#039; is &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; the definition of ``Grelling expression,&#039;&#039; &#160;since it fails to &lt;br /&gt; capture &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; &gt; the varying quote levels of the formula A schema. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; I did not claim to have achieved the impossible! No expression may &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; completely capture the varying quote levels of your schema, as such &lt;br /&gt; an &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; expression would then be true of all and only those expressions &lt;br /&gt; which &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; are not true of themselves. What I claim to have found is a natural &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; notation for constructing expressions, in which any attempt to &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; construct Grelling&#039;s paradoxical expression is automatically &lt;br /&gt; blocked, &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; but which still allows the representation of self-reference. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; Perhaps I should clarify what I mean by a &quot;solution&quot; to Grelling&#039;s &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; paradox and the paradoxes of set theory. Russell once criticised &lt;br /&gt; Quine &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; for developing solutions which were &quot;created ad hoc and not ... such &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; as even the cleverest logician would have thought of if he had not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; known of the contradictions&quot; (My Philosophical Development, p.80). I &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; accept that the standard iterative conception of set is reasonably &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; natural in this sense. However it involves a complete ban on self- &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; reference, and I believe a full solution to the paradoxes must &lt;br /&gt; involve &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; represented consistently. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; I don&#039;t follow this paragraph. &#160; It may well be that ``a full solution &lt;br /&gt; &gt; to the paradoxes must involve some natural theory of logic which &lt;br /&gt; allows &lt;br /&gt; &gt; self-reference to be represented consistently.&#039;&#039; &#160; &#160;How is that &lt;br /&gt; related &lt;br /&gt; &gt; to quotation levels? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; In my previous posting I summarised my solution to Grelling&#039;s &lt;br /&gt; paradox &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; by translating expressions from the notation I have developed into &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; natural language. If I receive some positive feedback on this, I &lt;br /&gt; shall &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; then post a longer account, giving formation rules and so forth. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; (Apologies if I have missed the point of your comment. Please write &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; and explain if I have!) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; Before you buy. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; -- &lt;br /&gt; &gt; --- ----- ------ --- ------ - - ----- - -- &lt;br /&gt; &gt; When my love swears that she is made of truth, &lt;br /&gt; &gt; I do believe her, though I know she lies. &lt;br /&gt; &gt; - Sandy Hodges &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ &lt;br /&gt; Before you buy. &lt;br /&gt;
  
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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>If the expression: <br /> 
<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;expression which yields a true statement <br /> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;when properly substituted for `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>is quotable, then we may derive a contradiction. This version of <br /> Grelling&#8217;s paradox expression is analogous to Quine&#8217;s:  </p>
<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;expression which yields a falsehood <br /> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;when appended to its own quotation  </p>
<p>Appending this to its own quotation apparently yields a sentence <br /> which asserts its own falsehood, as does properly substituting <br /> the first expression for `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X&#8217;.  </p>
<p>You may be thinking of some non-bivalent approach. Up to now I <br /> have largely restricted my search for a solution to the paradigm <br /> of bivalent logic. I will happily concede that reality is <br /> fundamentally fuzzy, but if this is what you have in mind, you <br /> will have to suggest some account of non-bivalency if the <br /> discussion is to proceed. (You seem to have anticipated this <br /> request in your manifesto, which I have just seen for the first <br /> time. This will take a couple of days to digest!)  </p>
<p>Alternatively you may have in mind the fact that an expression in <br /> a given language, may be true of all expressions in that language <br /> which may be quoted and which are not true of themselves, if that <br /> expression may not itself be quoted in the language. Such an <br /> expression would be analogous to a proper class. I agree this is <br /> a useful concept.  </p>
<p>Am I getting any closer?  </p>
<p>In article &lt;3962B702.A7ED4&#8230;@iname.com&gt;, <br /> &nbsp; Sandy Hodges &lt;sandy-hod&#8230;@iname.com&gt; wrote:  </p>
</p>
<p>- Hide quoted text &#8212; Show quoted text -</p>
<p>&gt; Well, I may not have understood the point of your original posting. <br /> If <br /> &gt; I understand it now I&#8217;m not sure I would call it a solution to the <br /> &gt; paradox. &nbsp; I don&#8217;t think there is a `solution&#8217; to the paradox, but it <br /> is <br /> &gt; at least conceivable that really close attention to the way quotation <br /> &gt; works would show that a particular apparent paradox was based on a <br /> &gt; mistake. &nbsp; If so that would certainly be a `solution.&#8217; &nbsp; But that&#8217;s <br /> not <br /> &gt; what you&#8217;re saying, I think. <br /> 
<p>&gt; If I&#8217;m taking the role of the defender of the paradox, and you are <br /> &gt; `solving&#8217; it away, then in effect I&#8217;ve made some concessions:  </p>
<p>&gt; My admission that  </p>
<p>&gt; `X&#8217; is heterological, if and only if `X&#8217; is not an X.  </p>
<p>&gt; is a schema, is a point granted, and it may represent an avenue of <br /> &gt; attack: &nbsp;If `heterological&#8217; does need a schema to define it, it can&#8217;t <br /> be <br /> &gt; easily expressed in a formula such as:  </p>
<p>&gt; A heterological expression is an expression which yields a true <br /> &gt; statement when substituted for `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; And the fact that it can&#8217;t be shows there&#8217;s something fishy about <br /> &gt; `heterological.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; The fact that  </p>
<p>&gt; &nbsp; expression which yields a true statement when substituted for `X&#8217; <br /> in ` <br /> &gt; &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; isn&#8217;t the definition of heterological, is another admission. &nbsp; &nbsp;But if <br /> &gt; this formula isn&#8217;t the definition of heterological, I don&#8217;t see what <br /> &gt; good comes of beating it to death. &nbsp; The fact that this formula, at a <br /> &gt; given quotation depth, does not quote itself at the same depth, does <br /> not <br /> &gt; matter if it is not what heterological means.  </p>
<p>&gt; Since I have, after seeing your posting, made concessions, I think <br /> that <br /> &gt; you must shift your attack. &nbsp;I am not convinced that it is impossible.  </p>
<p>&gt; Heterological must mean something like  </p>
<p>&gt; &nbsp; expression which yields a true statement when properly substituted <br /> for <br /> &gt; `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>&gt; where proper substitution for a variable X in a text &#8230;X&#8230; means to <br /> &gt; add n primes to any quotes surrounding X, for the minimum n such that <br /> &gt; quotes surrounding X have higher level than any in the inserted <br /> text. <br /> &gt; The mere fact that quotation is so complicated is something.  </p>
<p>&gt; <a href="mailto:peter_corsel...@my-deja.com">peter_corsel&#8230;@my-deja.com</a> wrote:  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; Sandy Hodges wrote:  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; &gt; The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#8217;m assuming) a <br /> `Grelling <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; expression&#8217; by a formula:  </p>
<p>&gt; [clip] <br /> &gt; sentence when substituted for &#8220;X&#8221; in &#8220; `X&#8217; is not an X,&#8221; is <br /> &gt; &gt; not <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; the definition of &#8220;Grelling expression,&#8221; &nbsp;since it fails to <br /> capture <br /> &gt; &gt; &gt; the varying quote levels of the formula A schema.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; I did not claim to have achieved the impossible! No expression may <br /> &gt; &gt; completely capture the varying quote levels of your schema, as such <br /> an <br /> &gt; &gt; expression would then be true of all and only those expressions <br /> which <br /> &gt; &gt; are not true of themselves. What I claim to have found is a natural <br /> &gt; &gt; notation for constructing expressions, in which any attempt to <br /> &gt; &gt; construct Grelling&#8217;s paradoxical expression is automatically <br /> blocked, <br /> &gt; &gt; but which still allows the representation of self-reference.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; Perhaps I should clarify what I mean by a &quot;solution&quot; to Grelling&#8217;s <br /> &gt; &gt; paradox and the paradoxes of set theory. Russell once criticised <br /> Quine <br /> &gt; &gt; for developing solutions which were &quot;created ad hoc and not &#8230; such <br /> &gt; &gt; as even the cleverest logician would have thought of if he had not <br /> &gt; &gt; known of the contradictions&quot; (My Philosophical Development, p.80). I <br /> &gt; &gt; accept that the standard iterative conception of set is reasonably <br /> &gt; &gt; natural in this sense. However it involves a complete ban on self- <br /> &gt; &gt; reference, and I believe a full solution to the paradoxes must <br /> involve <br /> &gt; &gt; some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be <br /> &gt; &gt; represented consistently.  </p>
<p>&gt; I don&#8217;t follow this paragraph. &nbsp; It may well be that &#8220;a full solution <br /> &gt; to the paradoxes must involve some natural theory of logic which <br /> allows <br /> &gt; self-reference to be represented consistently.&#8221; &nbsp; &nbsp;How is that <br /> related <br /> &gt; to quotation levels?  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; In my previous posting I summarised my solution to Grelling&#8217;s <br /> paradox <br /> &gt; &gt; by translating expressions from the notation I have developed into <br /> &gt; &gt; natural language. If I receive some positive feedback on this, I <br /> shall <br /> &gt; &gt; then post a longer account, giving formation rules and so forth.  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; (Apologies if I have missed the point of your comment. Please write <br /> &gt; &gt; and explain if I have!)  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; Sent via Deja.com <a href="http://www.deja.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.deja.com/</a> <br /> &gt; &gt; Before you buy.  </p>
<p>&gt; &#8212; <br /> &gt; &#8212; &#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212; &#8212; &#8212;&#8212; &#8211; - &#8212;&#8211; &#8211; &#8212; <br /> &gt; When my love swears that she is made of truth, <br /> &gt; I do believe her, though I know she lies. <br /> &gt; &#8211; Sandy Hodges </p>
<p>Sent via Deja.com <a href="http://www.deja.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.deja.com/</a> <br /> Before you buy. </p>
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		<title>By: admin</title>
		<link>http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox/comment-page-1#comment-5862</link>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox#comment-5862</guid>
		<description>
  &lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Hide quoted text -- Show quoted text -&lt;/p&gt;Sandy Hodges wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &gt; The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#039;m assuming) a `Grelling &lt;br /&gt; &gt; expression&#039; by a formula: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;&gt; `X&#039; is a Grelling expression, if and only if `X&#039; is not an X. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; call this formula A. &#160; Put in `Grelling expression&#039; for X and you have &lt;br /&gt; &gt; your paradox. &#160; For this to work for X such as `an expression &lt;br /&gt; containing &lt;br /&gt; &gt; the word ``expression&#039;&#039; &#039;, formula A will have to have different sorts &lt;br /&gt; &gt; of quotation depending on what X is. &#160; &#160;We can think of formula A as a &lt;br /&gt; &gt; schema, which for each X uses a quote level one higher than the &lt;br /&gt; highest &lt;br /&gt; &gt; found in X. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Now, if we want to replace `Grelling expression&#039; with its definition, &lt;br /&gt; to &lt;br /&gt; &gt; see if the paradox goes through, then ``an expression which yields a &lt;br /&gt; &gt; true sentence when substituted for ``X&#039;&#039; in `` `X&#039; is not an X,&#039;&#039; is &lt;br /&gt; not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; the definition of ``Grelling expression,&#039;&#039; &#160;since it fails to capture &lt;br /&gt; &gt; the varying quote levels of the formula A schema. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;I did not claim to have achieved the impossible! No expression may &lt;br /&gt; completely capture the varying quote levels of your schema, as such an &lt;br /&gt; expression would then be true of all and only those expressions which &lt;br /&gt; are not true of themselves. What I claim to have found is a natural &lt;br /&gt; notation for constructing expressions, in which any attempt to &lt;br /&gt; construct Grelling&#039;s paradoxical expression is automatically blocked, &lt;br /&gt; but which still allows the representation of self-reference. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Perhaps I should clarify what I mean by a &quot;solution&quot; to Grelling&#039;s &lt;br /&gt; paradox and the paradoxes of set theory. Russell once criticised Quine &lt;br /&gt; for developing solutions which were &quot;created ad hoc and not ... such &lt;br /&gt; as even the cleverest logician would have thought of if he had not &lt;br /&gt; known of the contradictions&quot; (My Philosophical Development, p.80). I &lt;br /&gt; accept that the standard iterative conception of set is reasonably &lt;br /&gt; natural in this sense. However it involves a complete ban on self- &lt;br /&gt; reference, and I believe a full solution to the paradoxes must involve &lt;br /&gt; some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be &lt;br /&gt; represented consistently. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In my previous posting I summarised my solution to Grelling&#039;s paradox &lt;br /&gt; by translating expressions from the notation I have developed into &lt;br /&gt; natural language. If I receive some positive feedback on this, I shall &lt;br /&gt; then post a longer account, giving formation rules and so forth. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;(Apologies if I have missed the point of your comment. Please write &lt;br /&gt; and explain if I have!) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ &lt;br /&gt; Before you buy. &lt;br /&gt;
  
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<p>- Hide quoted text &#8212; Show quoted text -</p>
<p>Sandy Hodges wrote: <br /> &gt; The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#8217;m assuming) a `Grelling <br /> &gt; expression&#8217; by a formula: <br /> 
<p>&gt; `X&#8217; is a Grelling expression, if and only if `X&#8217; is not an X.  </p>
<p>&gt; call this formula A. &nbsp; Put in `Grelling expression&#8217; for X and you have <br /> &gt; your paradox. &nbsp; For this to work for X such as `an expression <br /> containing <br /> &gt; the word &#8220;expression&#8221; &#8216;, formula A will have to have different sorts <br /> &gt; of quotation depending on what X is. &nbsp; &nbsp;We can think of formula A as a <br /> &gt; schema, which for each X uses a quote level one higher than the <br /> highest <br /> &gt; found in X.  </p>
<p>&gt; Now, if we want to replace `Grelling expression&#8217; with its definition, <br /> to <br /> &gt; see if the paradox goes through, then &#8220;an expression which yields a <br /> &gt; true sentence when substituted for &#8220;X&#8221; in &#8220; `X&#8217; is not an X,&#8221; is <br /> not <br /> &gt; the definition of &#8220;Grelling expression,&#8221; &nbsp;since it fails to capture <br /> &gt; the varying quote levels of the formula A schema. </p>
<p>I did not claim to have achieved the impossible! No expression may <br /> completely capture the varying quote levels of your schema, as such an <br /> expression would then be true of all and only those expressions which <br /> are not true of themselves. What I claim to have found is a natural <br /> notation for constructing expressions, in which any attempt to <br /> construct Grelling&#8217;s paradoxical expression is automatically blocked, <br /> but which still allows the representation of self-reference.  </p>
<p>Perhaps I should clarify what I mean by a &quot;solution&quot; to Grelling&#8217;s <br /> paradox and the paradoxes of set theory. Russell once criticised Quine <br /> for developing solutions which were &quot;created ad hoc and not &#8230; such <br /> as even the cleverest logician would have thought of if he had not <br /> known of the contradictions&quot; (My Philosophical Development, p.80). I <br /> accept that the standard iterative conception of set is reasonably <br /> natural in this sense. However it involves a complete ban on self- <br /> reference, and I believe a full solution to the paradoxes must involve <br /> some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be <br /> represented consistently.  </p>
<p>In my previous posting I summarised my solution to Grelling&#8217;s paradox <br /> by translating expressions from the notation I have developed into <br /> natural language. If I receive some positive feedback on this, I shall <br /> then post a longer account, giving formation rules and so forth.  </p>
<p>(Apologies if I have missed the point of your comment. Please write <br /> and explain if I have!)  </p>
<p>Sent via Deja.com <a href="http://www.deja.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.deja.com/</a> <br /> Before you buy. </p>
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		<title>By: admin</title>
		<link>http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox/comment-page-1#comment-5863</link>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:48 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox#comment-5863</guid>
		<description>
  Well, I may not have understood the point of your original posting. &#160; If &lt;br /&gt; I understand it now I&#039;m not sure I would call it a solution to the &lt;br /&gt; paradox. &#160; I don&#039;t think there is a `solution&#039; to the paradox, but it is &lt;br /&gt; at least conceivable that really close attention to the way quotation &lt;br /&gt; works would show that a particular apparent paradox was based on a &lt;br /&gt; mistake. &#160; If so that would certainly be a `solution.&#039; &#160; But that&#039;s not &lt;br /&gt; what you&#039;re saying, I think. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;If I&#039;m taking the role of the defender of the paradox, and you are &lt;br /&gt; `solving&#039; it away, then in effect I&#039;ve made some concessions: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;My admission that &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;`X&#039; is heterological, if and only if `X&#039; is not an X. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;is a schema, is a point granted, and it may represent an avenue of &lt;br /&gt; attack: &#160;If `heterological&#039; does need a schema to define it, it can&#039;t be &lt;br /&gt; easily expressed in a formula such as: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A heterological expression is an expression which yields a true &lt;br /&gt; statement when substituted for `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;And the fact that it can&#039;t be shows there&#039;s something fishy about &lt;br /&gt; `heterological.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The fact that &#160; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#160; expression which yields a true statement when substituted for `X&#039; in ` &lt;br /&gt; &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;isn&#039;t the definition of heterological, is another admission. &#160; &#160;But if &lt;br /&gt; this formula isn&#039;t the definition of heterological, I don&#039;t see what &lt;br /&gt; good comes of beating it to death. &#160; The fact that this formula, at a &lt;br /&gt; given quotation depth, does not quote itself at the same depth, does not &lt;br /&gt; matter if it is not what heterological means. &#160; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Since I have, after seeing your posting, made concessions, I think that &lt;br /&gt; you must shift your attack. &#160;I am not convinced that it is impossible. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Heterological must mean something like &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#160; expression which yields a true statement when properly substituted for &lt;br /&gt; `X&#039; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#039; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;where proper substitution for a variable X in a text ...X... means to &lt;br /&gt; add n primes to any quotes surrounding X, for the minimum n such that &lt;br /&gt; quotes surrounding X have higher level than any in the inserted text. &#160; &lt;br /&gt; The mere fact that quotation is so complicated is something. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;peter_corsel...@my-deja.com wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Sandy Hodges wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &gt; The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#039;m assuming) a `Grelling &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; expression&#039; by a formula: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;[clip] &lt;br /&gt; sentence when substituted for ``X&#039;&#039; in `` `X&#039; is not an X,&#039;&#039; is &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Hide quoted text -- Show quoted text -&lt;/p&gt;&gt; not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; the definition of ``Grelling expression,&#039;&#039; &#160;since it fails to capture &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &gt; the varying quote levels of the formula A schema. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;&gt; I did not claim to have achieved the impossible! No expression may &lt;br /&gt; &gt; completely capture the varying quote levels of your schema, as such an &lt;br /&gt; &gt; expression would then be true of all and only those expressions which &lt;br /&gt; &gt; are not true of themselves. What I claim to have found is a natural &lt;br /&gt; &gt; notation for constructing expressions, in which any attempt to &lt;br /&gt; &gt; construct Grelling&#039;s paradoxical expression is automatically blocked, &lt;br /&gt; &gt; but which still allows the representation of self-reference. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Perhaps I should clarify what I mean by a &quot;solution&quot; to Grelling&#039;s &lt;br /&gt; &gt; paradox and the paradoxes of set theory. Russell once criticised Quine &lt;br /&gt; &gt; for developing solutions which were &quot;created ad hoc and not ... such &lt;br /&gt; &gt; as even the cleverest logician would have thought of if he had not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; known of the contradictions&quot; (My Philosophical Development, p.80). I &lt;br /&gt; &gt; accept that the standard iterative conception of set is reasonably &lt;br /&gt; &gt; natural in this sense. However it involves a complete ban on self- &lt;br /&gt; &gt; reference, and I believe a full solution to the paradoxes must involve &lt;br /&gt; &gt; some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be &lt;br /&gt; &gt; represented consistently. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;I don&#039;t follow this paragraph. &#160; It may well be that ``a full solution &lt;br /&gt; to the paradoxes must involve some natural theory of logic which allows &lt;br /&gt; self-reference to be represented consistently.&#039;&#039; &#160; &#160;How is that related &lt;br /&gt; to quotation levels? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; In my previous posting I summarised my solution to Grelling&#039;s paradox &lt;br /&gt; &gt; by translating expressions from the notation I have developed into &lt;br /&gt; &gt; natural language. If I receive some positive feedback on this, I shall &lt;br /&gt; &gt; then post a longer account, giving formation rules and so forth. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; (Apologies if I have missed the point of your comment. Please write &lt;br /&gt; &gt; and explain if I have!) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/ &lt;br /&gt; &gt; Before you buy. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;-- &lt;br /&gt; --- ----- ------ --- ------ - - ----- - -- &lt;br /&gt; When my love swears that she is made of truth, &lt;br /&gt; I do believe her, though I know she lies. &lt;br /&gt; - Sandy Hodges &lt;br /&gt;
  
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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Well, I may not have understood the point of your original posting. &nbsp; If <br /> I understand it now I&#8217;m not sure I would call it a solution to the <br /> paradox. &nbsp; I don&#8217;t think there is a `solution&#8217; to the paradox, but it is <br /> at least conceivable that really close attention to the way quotation <br /> works would show that a particular apparent paradox was based on a <br /> mistake. &nbsp; If so that would certainly be a `solution.&#8217; &nbsp; But that&#8217;s not <br /> what you&#8217;re saying, I think. <br /> 
<p>If I&#8217;m taking the role of the defender of the paradox, and you are <br /> `solving&#8217; it away, then in effect I&#8217;ve made some concessions:  </p>
<p>My admission that  </p>
<p>`X&#8217; is heterological, if and only if `X&#8217; is not an X.  </p>
<p>is a schema, is a point granted, and it may represent an avenue of <br /> attack: &nbsp;If `heterological&#8217; does need a schema to define it, it can&#8217;t be <br /> easily expressed in a formula such as:  </p>
<p>A heterological expression is an expression which yields a true <br /> statement when substituted for `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>And the fact that it can&#8217;t be shows there&#8217;s something fishy about <br /> `heterological.&#8217;  </p>
<p>The fact that &nbsp;  </p>
<p>&nbsp; expression which yields a true statement when substituted for `X&#8217; in ` <br /> &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>isn&#8217;t the definition of heterological, is another admission. &nbsp; &nbsp;But if <br /> this formula isn&#8217;t the definition of heterological, I don&#8217;t see what <br /> good comes of beating it to death. &nbsp; The fact that this formula, at a <br /> given quotation depth, does not quote itself at the same depth, does not <br /> matter if it is not what heterological means. &nbsp;  </p>
<p>Since I have, after seeing your posting, made concessions, I think that <br /> you must shift your attack. &nbsp;I am not convinced that it is impossible.  </p>
<p>Heterological must mean something like  </p>
<p>&nbsp; expression which yields a true statement when properly substituted for <br /> `X&#8217; in ` &quot;X&quot; is not an X.&#8217;  </p>
<p>where proper substitution for a variable X in a text &#8230;X&#8230; means to <br /> add n primes to any quotes surrounding X, for the minimum n such that <br /> quotes surrounding X have higher level than any in the inserted text. &nbsp; <br /> The mere fact that quotation is so complicated is something.  </p>
<p><a href="mailto:peter_corsel...@my-deja.com">peter_corsel&#8230;@my-deja.com</a> wrote:  </p>
<p>&gt; Sandy Hodges wrote:  </p>
<p>&gt; &gt; The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#8217;m assuming) a `Grelling <br /> &gt; &gt; expression&#8217; by a formula: </p>
<p>[clip] <br /> sentence when substituted for &#8220;X&#8221; in &#8220; `X&#8217; is not an X,&#8221; is  </p>
</p>
<p>- Hide quoted text &#8212; Show quoted text -</p>
<p>&gt; not <br /> &gt; &gt; the definition of &#8220;Grelling expression,&#8221; &nbsp;since it fails to capture <br /> &gt; &gt; the varying quote levels of the formula A schema. <br /> 
<p>&gt; I did not claim to have achieved the impossible! No expression may <br /> &gt; completely capture the varying quote levels of your schema, as such an <br /> &gt; expression would then be true of all and only those expressions which <br /> &gt; are not true of themselves. What I claim to have found is a natural <br /> &gt; notation for constructing expressions, in which any attempt to <br /> &gt; construct Grelling&#8217;s paradoxical expression is automatically blocked, <br /> &gt; but which still allows the representation of self-reference.  </p>
<p>&gt; Perhaps I should clarify what I mean by a &quot;solution&quot; to Grelling&#8217;s <br /> &gt; paradox and the paradoxes of set theory. Russell once criticised Quine <br /> &gt; for developing solutions which were &quot;created ad hoc and not &#8230; such <br /> &gt; as even the cleverest logician would have thought of if he had not <br /> &gt; known of the contradictions&quot; (My Philosophical Development, p.80). I <br /> &gt; accept that the standard iterative conception of set is reasonably <br /> &gt; natural in this sense. However it involves a complete ban on self- <br /> &gt; reference, and I believe a full solution to the paradoxes must involve <br /> &gt; some natural theory of logic which allows self-reference to be <br /> &gt; represented consistently. </p>
<p>I don&#8217;t follow this paragraph. &nbsp; It may well be that &#8220;a full solution <br /> to the paradoxes must involve some natural theory of logic which allows <br /> self-reference to be represented consistently.&#8221; &nbsp; &nbsp;How is that related <br /> to quotation levels?  </p>
</p>
<p>&gt; In my previous posting I summarised my solution to Grelling&#8217;s paradox <br /> &gt; by translating expressions from the notation I have developed into <br /> &gt; natural language. If I receive some positive feedback on this, I shall <br /> &gt; then post a longer account, giving formation rules and so forth.  </p>
<p>&gt; (Apologies if I have missed the point of your comment. Please write <br /> &gt; and explain if I have!)  </p>
<p>&gt; Sent via Deja.com <a href="http://www.deja.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.deja.com/</a> <br /> &gt; Before you buy. </p>
<p>&#8211; <br /> &#8212; &#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212; &#8212; &#8212;&#8212; &#8211; - &#8212;&#8211; &#8211; &#8212; <br /> When my love swears that she is made of truth, <br /> I do believe her, though I know she lies. <br /> &#8211; Sandy Hodges </p>
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		<title>By: admin</title>
		<link>http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox/comment-page-1#comment-5860</link>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox#comment-5860</guid>
		<description>
  The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#039;m assuming) a `Grelling &lt;br /&gt; expression&#039; by a formula: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;`X&#039; is a Grelling expression, if and only if `X&#039; is not an X. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;call this formula A. &#160; Put in `Grelling expression&#039; for X and you have &lt;br /&gt; your paradox. &#160; For this to work for X such as `an expression containing &lt;br /&gt; the word ``expression&#039;&#039; &#039;, formula A will have to have different sorts &lt;br /&gt; of quotation depending on what X is. &#160; &#160;We can think of formula A as a &lt;br /&gt; schema, which for each X uses a quote level one higher than the highest &lt;br /&gt; found in X. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Now, if we want to replace `Grelling expression&#039; with its definition, to &lt;br /&gt; see if the paradox goes through, then ``an expression which yields a &lt;br /&gt; true sentence when substituted for ``X&#039;&#039; in `` `X&#039; is not an X,&#039;&#039; is not &lt;br /&gt; the definition of ``Grelling expression,&#039;&#039; &#160;since it fails to capture &lt;br /&gt; the varying quote levels of the formula A schema. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;- Hide quoted text -- Show quoted text -&lt;/p&gt;peter_corsel...@my-deja.com wrote: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;&gt; How&#039;s this for a solution to Grelling&#039;s paradox? &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; (The paradox concerns the distinction between expressions &lt;br /&gt; &gt; which are true of themselves, and expressions which are not &lt;br /&gt; &gt; true of themselves. There can be no expression which is true &lt;br /&gt; &gt; of all and only the latter kind of expressions. Say there was &lt;br /&gt; &gt; such an expression, is this expression true of itself? From &lt;br /&gt; &gt; each answer the opposite follows. This is paradoxical &lt;br /&gt; &gt; because it apparently contradicts the natural assumption that &lt;br /&gt; &gt; for any plurality of things, it is possible to define an &lt;br /&gt; &gt; expression as being true of all, and only, those things.) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; Consider the following expression: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;expression which yields a true sentence &lt;br /&gt; &gt; &#160; &#160; &#160;when substituted for &quot;X&quot; in &quot;`X´ is not an X&quot; &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;[clip] &lt;br /&gt; -- &lt;br /&gt; --- ----- ------ --- ------ - - ----- - -- &lt;br /&gt; When my love swears that she is made of truth, &lt;br /&gt; I do believe her, though I know she lies. &lt;br /&gt; - Sandy Hodges &lt;br /&gt;
  
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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>The normal operation of the paradox defines (I&#8217;m assuming) a `Grelling <br /> expression&#8217; by a formula: <br /> 
<p>`X&#8217; is a Grelling expression, if and only if `X&#8217; is not an X.  </p>
<p>call this formula A. &nbsp; Put in `Grelling expression&#8217; for X and you have <br /> your paradox. &nbsp; For this to work for X such as `an expression containing <br /> the word &#8220;expression&#8221; &#8216;, formula A will have to have different sorts <br /> of quotation depending on what X is. &nbsp; &nbsp;We can think of formula A as a <br /> schema, which for each X uses a quote level one higher than the highest <br /> found in X.  </p>
<p>Now, if we want to replace `Grelling expression&#8217; with its definition, to <br /> see if the paradox goes through, then &#8220;an expression which yields a <br /> true sentence when substituted for &#8220;X&#8221; in &#8220; `X&#8217; is not an X,&#8221; is not <br /> the definition of &#8220;Grelling expression,&#8221; &nbsp;since it fails to capture <br /> the varying quote levels of the formula A schema.  </p>
</p>
<p>- Hide quoted text &#8212; Show quoted text -</p>
<p><a href="mailto:peter_corsel...@my-deja.com">peter_corsel&#8230;@my-deja.com</a> wrote: <br /> 
<p>&gt; How&#8217;s this for a solution to Grelling&#8217;s paradox?  </p>
<p>&gt; (The paradox concerns the distinction between expressions <br /> &gt; which are true of themselves, and expressions which are not <br /> &gt; true of themselves. There can be no expression which is true <br /> &gt; of all and only the latter kind of expressions. Say there was <br /> &gt; such an expression, is this expression true of itself? From <br /> &gt; each answer the opposite follows. This is paradoxical <br /> &gt; because it apparently contradicts the natural assumption that <br /> &gt; for any plurality of things, it is possible to define an <br /> &gt; expression as being true of all, and only, those things.)  </p>
<p>&gt; Consider the following expression:  </p>
<p>&gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;expression which yields a true sentence <br /> &gt; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;when substituted for &quot;X&quot; in &quot;`X´ is not an X&quot; </p>
<p>[clip] <br /> &#8212; <br /> &#8212; &#8212;&#8211; &#8212;&#8212; &#8212; &#8212;&#8212; &#8211; - &#8212;&#8211; &#8211; &#8212; <br /> When my love swears that she is made of truth, <br /> I do believe her, though I know she lies. <br /> &#8211; Sandy Hodges </p>
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		<title>By: admin</title>
		<link>http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox/comment-page-1#comment-5861</link>
		<dc:creator>admin</dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Sat, 27 Mar 2010 17:03:47 +0000</pubDate>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.aboutlogic.info/grellings-paradox#comment-5861</guid>
		<description>
  I just happened to come across Grelling&#039;s Paradox and had heard &lt;br /&gt; about it, but had very little understanding of the paradox. So &lt;br /&gt; this post for others not too familar with Grelling&#039;s Paradox. &lt;br /&gt; Also I am not sure &quot;heterological&quot; is in a standard dictionary. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;p&gt;http://www.ti62.dial.pipex.com/#section1 (Peter Corsellis) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;1.1 - Removing Grelling’s contradiction (begin quote) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The derivation of Grelling’s contradiction may be stated in &lt;br /&gt; English as follows: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The word `word´ is a word, but the word `human´ is not a human. &lt;br /&gt; Thus the former is true of itself, while the latter is not. &lt;br /&gt; Say the word `heterological´ is true of all words which are not &lt;br /&gt; true of themselves. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Is `heterological´ heterological? From each answer the opposite &lt;br /&gt; follows. In this discussion I present no analysis of what is &lt;br /&gt; involved in a term being true of things (I present my analysis &lt;br /&gt; of this in §5). A term is thus defined as either an expression &lt;br /&gt; which is defined as true of some things, or an expression which &lt;br /&gt; refers to just one thing, i.e. a term is a predicate or a &lt;br /&gt; singular term. &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Another way of representing the derivation of Grelling’s &lt;br /&gt; contradiction, is to use a singular variable and the phrase &lt;br /&gt; `is true of´. The contradiction may then be derived from the &lt;br /&gt; following schema: &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;If x is a term, `heterological´ is true of x if, and only if, &lt;br /&gt; x is not true of x &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;by considering the case in which x is the term `heterological´. &lt;br /&gt; However the approach I propose rests on the fact that in &lt;br /&gt; sentences &lt;br /&gt; such as: &lt;br /&gt; ______`polysyllabic´ is polysyllabic &lt;br /&gt; the same term appears both inside and outside quotation marks, &lt;br /&gt; i.e. it is both used and mentioned.(end of quote) &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Regards, &lt;br /&gt; Stephen &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;----------------------------------------------------------- &lt;br /&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Got questions? &#160;Get answers over the phone at Keen.com. &lt;br /&gt; Up to 100 minutes free! &lt;br /&gt; http://www.keen.com &lt;br /&gt;
  
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		<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>I just happened to come across Grelling&#8217;s Paradox and had heard <br /> about it, but had very little understanding of the paradox. So <br /> this post for others not too familar with Grelling&#8217;s Paradox. <br /> Also I am not sure &quot;heterological&quot; is in a standard dictionary. <br /> 
<p><a href="http://www.ti62.dial.pipex.com/#section1" rel="nofollow">http://www.ti62.dial.pipex.com/#section1</a> (Peter Corsellis)  </p>
<p>1.1 &#8211; Removing Grelling’s contradiction (begin quote)  </p>
<p>The derivation of Grelling’s contradiction may be stated in <br /> English as follows:  </p>
<p>The word `word´ is a word, but the word `human´ is not a human. <br /> Thus the former is true of itself, while the latter is not. <br /> Say the word `heterological´ is true of all words which are not <br /> true of themselves.  </p>
<p>Is `heterological´ heterological? From each answer the opposite <br /> follows. In this discussion I present no analysis of what is <br /> involved in a term being true of things (I present my analysis <br /> of this in §5). A term is thus defined as either an expression <br /> which is defined as true of some things, or an expression which <br /> refers to just one thing, i.e. a term is a predicate or a <br /> singular term.  </p>
<p>Another way of representing the derivation of Grelling’s <br /> contradiction, is to use a singular variable and the phrase <br /> `is true of´. The contradiction may then be derived from the <br /> following schema:  </p>
<p>If x is a term, `heterological´ is true of x if, and only if, <br /> x is not true of x  </p>
<p>by considering the case in which x is the term `heterological´. <br /> However the approach I propose rests on the fact that in <br /> sentences <br /> such as: <br /> ______`polysyllabic´ is polysyllabic <br /> the same term appears both inside and outside quotation marks, <br /> i.e. it is both used and mentioned.(end of quote)  </p>
<p>Regards, <br /> Stephen  </p>
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