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Archive for May, 2011

The Coherence Theory vs The Pragmatist Theory

[The Coherence Theory] …According to the coherence theory,
statements are made true by other statements. How does this work? The
statements we believe form a vast, interrelated system. What makes a
statement true is the way it fits into that system. If it fits into
the system in the appropriate way, if it coheres with the entire
system, it is true. If not, it is false.

…coherence is our only way of determining whether a statement is
true. That is, coherence is our ultimate test of truth. Why, for
example, do I consider it true that I am sitting at this typewriter?
Because this belief fits in with my other beliefs better than any of
the alternatives-that I am now hallucinating, for instance. So if
coherence is my test for truth, the argument goes, then it is
reasonable to suppose that it is what makes for truth.

The chief difficulty with the coherence theory is that it cannot rule
out the possibility that the same statement may be both true and
false. Suppose that there are two entirely different belief systems,
both completely coherent. According to the coherence theory, we then
have two systems of true statements. But suppose the systems conflict.
Suppose, that is, that each system denies what belongs to the other.
In that case, all truth will be relative. We will have to distinguish
"true for me" and "true for you." Since that is unacceptable, the
coherence theory is also unacceptable.

[The Pragmatist Theory]: The pragmatist theory of truth is similar to
the coherence theory, but manages to avoid the fatal objection noted
above. Let us see how.

According to Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914), the founder of the
American philosophical movement known as pragmatism, the purpose of
our beliefs is to predict future experience. If our beliefs lead us to
unwelcome surprises, they are rejected. If they prevent unwelcome
surprises, they are kept. Suppose, for example, that I believe the
door to my office is open. If I attempt to walk through the door and
get a pain in my nose, I reject the belief. If I manage to get through
the door without such an unwelcome surprise, I keep the belief.

Once we think of beliefs in this way, we can view the search for
knowledge as a process aiming toward an ideal end point, where we will
reach the best belief system for predicting experience. All and only
those statements that belong to this final system are true. What makes
a statement true, then, is that it belongs to this final system.

Thus, coherence plays an important role in the pragmatist theory.
Ultimately, a statement is true because it coheres with a certain
system of beliefs. But not just any system will do. For Peirce, there
is only one best system, and from the beginning of our search for
knowledge we have been approaching it. Thus, there is no possibility
of there being two incompatible but true systems. Truth remains
objective…

Persons And Their World: An Introduction to Philosophy – Jeffrey Olen
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0075543117/

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Analysis- With an Introduction to Proof, 4-E-Instructors Solution Manual is available for purchase! Contact me at solutionbuy[at]gmail.com

Analysis- With an Introduction to Proof, 4-E-Instructors Solution
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Cardinality of infinite sets

The notion of cardinality can be only applied to finite sets, cause
finite sets are a certain totality that it is always numbered.
But if anyone would apply the notion of cardianlity to infinite sets
than a contradiction necessarily arises.
What is not a certain totality is treated as such. So this can lead to
false results as different cardinality
for different infinite sets , (ex. N and R)

Thanks in advance

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The Liar's Sentence and Nontermination

I have been puzzled for much of my life by the reaction that people
have to the liar’s paradox. To me, it has always appeared entirely
mundane, if not actually boring. The statement:

   This statement is false

is simply unevaluable. It diverges. This is no more a mystery than
anything arising out of the below definition:

    x =def= x

What is the value of x, given this definition? Simply not an
interesting question. In any modestly powerful computational model,
there are programs that do this: fail to halt, do not reduce to a
normal form, whatever.

But we don’t call  \x.x x \x.x x  a paradox. And we don’t act as if
it of any great importance outside of noticing that lambda calculus
does not have the normalizing property.

Now the objection may arise that the liar sentence is not a program
in a computational model, but rather an English sentence. I say
this is a false dichotomy! If we have some method for evaluating
the meaning of English sentences, we have something that is a
computational model. That the full power of the model a given
brain might have access to is astonishingly complex and still almost
entirely uncharted is irrelevant. If two people discussing a sentence
cannot agree on how to assign it meaning, then they are not
having a conversation, and if they can, then they have agreed
on a computational model.

If we say to someone: "If Socrates is a man, and all men are mortal,
is Socrates mortal or not?" we can resolve the entire issue with
a small, uncontroversial computational model.

Likewise, we can make certain observations about evaluating sentences.
The first being, that there is an implicit dependency on the
computational model. Another one being, for any computational model
above a certain level of expressive power, there are sentences
that do not evaluate. (Strictness vs. non-strictness may also
come into play here.)

Variations such as the so-called strengthened liar’s sentence do
not change the basic laws of computation. At best they may call
for a more complex computational model, but so what? If they are
evaluable, then we evaluate them, and if they are unevaluable, they
remain the same sort of construct as  \x.x x \x.x x

A last point: we cannot in general capture any interesting properties
of programs. (The halting problem, Rice’s theorem, etc. Stuff everyone
knows, when "everyone" is quantified over the appropriate set of
people.)
So while there might be attempts to try to build a computational
model,
or a sentence in a model, in which we capture the *evaluability* of
the sentence within the sentence, this can at best work for certain
cases. We can tell certain programs halt and that certain programs
do not halt but we cannot tell for any arbitrary program. So there
might be attempts to preserve the status of the paradox as a paradox
by incorporating what I’m saying here; "this sentence is either false
or unevaluable" or some such, but nothing can make the "evaluable"
predicate decidable. (Except sufficient weakening of the computational
model.)

It will be a great day when mathematicians, logicians, and
computer programmers all understand that they are all doing
the exact same thing: building programs in existing computational
models, and designing new computational models for building
programs in.

Marshall

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origin of n5 lattice — where in Dedekind's 1900 paper?

A lattice is modular if and only if it does not contain the N5
lattice. A lattice is distributive if and only if it does not contain
the N5 lattice or the M3 lattice.

My question is, what is the original source of the N5 lattice?

Salii 1988 seems to indicate that it is Dedekind 1900. However, that
paper is in German and I don’t really understand German. Could anyone
who does understand tell me where in that paper Dedekind describes the
N5 lattice?

The n5 and m3 lattices are illustrated here:
  http://banyan.cm.nctu.edu.tw/~dgreenhoe/n5origin.pdf

Here are some references (see also n5origin.pdf):

Dedekind, Richard: Ueber die von drei Moduln erzeugte Dualgruppe.
Mathematische Annalen,
53 January 8 1900, 371–403 ⟨URL:
http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl/?GDZPPN002257947⟩,
Regarding the
Dual Group Produced by three-Modules

Saliˇi, V´ıa`cheslav Nikolaevich: Lattices with Unique Complements.
Volume 69, Translations of
mathematical monographs. Providence: American Mathematical Society,
1988
⟨URL:http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0821845225⟩, 113,
translation of Reshetki s
edinstvennymi dopolneni´ıam` i, ISBN 0821845225

Many thanks in advance,
Dan

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action theory

Branch of philosophy concerned with the analysis of what human beings
do intentionally. This typically includes an effort to distinguish
actions from mere events and some proposal concerning the ethical
significance of actions. Understanding the relation between choice or
volition and the performance of an action, for example, has been taken
to be crucial for the ascription of moral responsibility to those who
act.

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Rationals and integers ordinally inequivalent

According to wikipedia there is no order isomorphism between the
rationals and the integers. So in the ordinal sense, which is greater?
Obviously they are equal in the cardinal sense.

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